Modern Punjabi consists of several dialects and is rich in their use in Punjab. Majhi is the written standard for Punjabi in both parts of Punjab. Since the partition of the Punjab in 1947, the Punjabi language as spoken in India has replaced numerous Persian and Arabic loan words with words of Sanskrit origin, due to the domination of Hindi instead of Urdu in India. In addition, recent modernization and industrialization has witnessed an English influence in both parts of Punjab, as Punjab has undergone Science and Technology development.
"Modern Punjabi" uses the Gurmukhī script in the Indian Punjab, which is specifically developed for the Punjabi language. Pakistani Punjabis, however, use the older Shahmukhī script, which is a modified Persian-Nasta'liq script. These two scripts are considered the official scripts of the Punjabi language. In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 languages with official status in India. In Pakistan, even though Punjabi has no official status, it is the most spoken language and is the provincial language of Punjab the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan.
He christened these group of dialects in a volume of the Language Survey of India published in 1919. He grouped as "southern Lahnda" the dialects that are now recognized as Multani or Saraiki. The northern Lahnda sub-Group has evolved into Pahari-Potohari and modern Hindko. Grierson tentatively identified the boundary between Punjabi and "Lahnda" as a north-south line running from the Gujranwala District to the former Montgomery District . In Indo-Aryan dialectology generally, the presence of transitional dialects creates problems in assigning some dialects to one or another "language". However, over the last century there has usually been little disagreement when it comes to defining the core region of the Punjabi language.
In modern India, the states are largely designed to encompass the territories of major languages with an established written standard. Some of its major urban centers are Ludhiana, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, and Patiala. In Pakistan, the Punjabi speaking territory spans the east-central districts of Punjab Province. Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faislabad, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Sialkot, Jhang, Sargodha, Sahiwal, Bahawalnagar, Multan, Jhelum and Gujrat.
Lahore the historic capital of Punjab is the largest Punjabi speaking city in the world. Lahore has 86% native Punjabis of total population of the city. And Islamabad the Capital of Pakistan has 71% Native Punjabis of total population. Punjabi belongs to the Indo Aryan family of languages, and many nations across the world speak it.
Is Urdu A Language Or Dialect Punjabi language is also spoken in both the Punjab provinces of Pakistan and India. This language is known by its different dialects in connection with sundry geographical locations. As Punjabi is the 10 th most widely spoken language in the world, its importance cannot be denied (Ghai & Singh, 2013). The majority population of Punjab in Pakistan use Punjabi language in their daily routine of life. It is among the 22 languages which have official status in India.
Unfortunately, the phonology of Punjabi and its dialects has not been explored as much as some other languages and their dialects. This research paper is an attempt to explore the differences between Standard Punjabi and Shahpuri in the domain of their phonology with the help of Levenshtein algorithm framework. These similarities and dissimilarities are described by the instrument, which contain all the consonants sounds. The data is collected by purposive sampling from the speakers of both the dialects. The present research article shows that there is almost 80% similarity between the standard Punjabi and Shahpuri.
This research article will provide a foundation for the research in the phonology of both the dialects of Punjabi. In Pakistan, the Punjabi speaking territory spans the east-central districts of Punjab Province, ie. Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faislabad, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Sialkot, Jhelum and Gujrat.
Lahore, the historic capital city of Punjab is the largest Punjabi speaking city in the world. Lahore has 86% native Punjabis of the total population of the city, and Islamabad, the Capital city of Pakistan, has 71% Native Punjabis of the total population. Punjabi is spoken as a native language by over 2.85% of Indians. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and the shared state capital Chandigarh. It is one of the official languages of the state of Delhi and the second language of Haryana.
These "dialects" may be historically cognate and share genetic roots in the same subfamily as the dominant national language and may even, to a varying degree, share some mutual intelligibility with the latter. The term "dialect" used this way implies a political connotation, being mostly used to refer to low-prestige languages, languages lacking institutional support, or those perceived as "unsuitable for writing". The designation "dialect" is also used popularly to refer to the unwritten or non-codified languages of developing countries or isolated areas, where the term "vernacular language" would be preferred by linguists.
However, in the 20th century, the Punjabi-speaking Sikhs started attaching importance to the Punjabi written in the Gurmukhi script as a symbol of their distinct identity. The Punjabi identity was affected by the communal sentiments in the 20th century. Bhai Vir Singh, a major figure in the movement for the revival of Punjabi literary tradition, started insisting that the Punjabi language was the exclusive preserve of the Sikhs. After the partition of India, the Punjab region was divided between Pakistan and India. Although the Punjabi people formed the 2nd biggest linguistic group in Pakistan after Bengali, Urdu was declared the national language of Pakistan, and Punjabi did not get any official status. The Indian Punjab, which then also included what are now Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, became Hindi-majority.
But despite Punjabi's obvious importance, it is extremely difficult to find a map of the language on the internet. Partly this is due to the fact that Punjabi spans the India-Pakistan border, and most maps of individual languages are country-based. One can thus find many language maps of India that depict Punjabi, and virtually all language maps of Pakistan do so as well.
But on Pakistani language maps, the area covered by Punjabi has been diminishing in recent years. Maps made in earlier decades typically showed virtually all of northeastern quadrant of the country as Punjabi-speaking, whereas many recent maps retain the Punjabi label only for the core zone of this region. On these maps, what used to be the southern Punjabi area is now typically mapped as Saraiki-speaking, whereas the north is depicted as Hindko-speaking.
Saraiki and Hindko, moreover, are sometimes merged together as the Lahnda language, sometimes called "Western Punjabi." This linguistic reclassification scheme, however, is quite controversial, especially in Pakistan. Here Punjabi partisans are often irritated by the diminution of their language, whereas locally based scholars are happy to see their own speech-forms elevated to the status of separate languages. Punjabi language, Punjabi also spelled Panjabi, one of the most widely spoken Indo-Aryan languages. The old British spelling "Punjabi" remains in more common general usage than the academically precise "Panjabi." In the early 21st century there were about 30 million speakers of Punjabi in India.
It is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and is one of the languages recognized by the Indian constitution. In Pakistan Punjabi is spoken by some 70 million speakers, mostly in Punjab province, but official status at both the national and the provincial level is reserved for Urdu. If we say that Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and has official status in western Punjab, then it is not wrong. But research states that out of all regional languages in central Punjab, Punjabi has a rich oral tradition.
Lahore, the capital of Pakistani Punjab, is the World's biggest city with the highest ratio of Punjabi speakers. So, the Punjab region has more Punjabi speakers than Urdu dialects. English and Punjabi are languages which do not belong to the same families of languages. English is one of the West Germanic languages whereas; Punjabi is a part of the Indo-Aryan family.
Punjabi is spoken by various nations on the globe, especially Pakistan and its province Punjab as well as in Indian Panjab. Both English and Punjabi manifest themselves through various dialects on the basis of diversified geographical areas. English is used as the first language by 379,007,140 speakers and further 753,359,540 speakers use it as a second language in more than 104 nations.
So, the total speakers of English around the globe are 1,132,366,680 . The importance of Punjabi cannot be denied being the 10th most widely used language on the globe (Ghai & Singh, 2013). According to Ethnologue , the total number of Punjabi speakers is 125,326,840. In Pakistan, it is the language of the majority of the people residing in the most populous province of Pakistan, Punjab. It is among twenty-two languages that have obtained official status.
Unfortunately, no considerable work has been done on its phonology. This study is an attempt to describe the phonemic differences between English and Punjabi by using the theoretical framework of the Levenshtein algorithm. The index of differences and similarities is determined through the inventories of both languages. The Levenshtein algorithm is used to analyse the inventories to calculate the ratio of differences and similarities. The outcome of the current research shows that both English and Punjabi have a phonemic similarity level of 56.25% whereas the index of difference is 43.75%. Globally, Punjabi language is spoken by more than 100 million people and is the 10th most spoken language in the world, with the majority of its speakers in India and Pakistan.
Punjabi can be categorized as Western Punjabi and Eastern Punjabi. These came to be counted later almost as separate languages. Eastern Punjabi remained independently as what is Punjabi today. In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It is the first official language of the Indian State of Punjab. Punjabi also has second language official status in Delhi along with Urdu, and in Haryana.
In Pakistan, no regional ethnic language has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan. It is, however, the official provincial language of Punjab, Pakistan, the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan as well as in Islamabad Capital Territory. The only two official languages in Pakistan are Urdu and English. Malwai is spoken in the eastern part of Indian Punjab and also in Bahawalnagar and Vehari districts of Pakistan.
Main areas are Ludhiana, Patiala, Ambala, Bathinda, Ganganagar, Malerkotla, Fazilka, Ferozepur, Moga. Malwa is the southern and central part of present-day Indian Punjab. It also includes the Punjabi speaking northern areas of Haryana, viz.
Not to be confused with the Malvi language, which shares its name. Punjabi, which comes in Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi script, is an Indo-Aryan language. This language is mainly spoken in the northwestern parts of India and some regions of Pakistan. This is the second largest language spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The paper represents a Punjabi corpus in the agriculture domain.
There are various dialects in the Punjabi language and the main concentration is on major dialects, i.e. A speech corpus of 125 isolated words is taken into consideration. These words are uttered by 100 speakers, i.e. 60 Malwi dialect speakers , 20 Majhi dialect speakers and 20 Doabi dialect speakers . Tonemes, adhak and nasal words are selected from the corpus.
The paper also elaborates some distinctive features of the corpus. This corpus is of quite significance for the speech recognition system. Prosodic characteristics such as intonation, rhythm and stress create a crucial impact on the speech recognition system. These characteristics vary from language to language as well as various dialects of a language. This paper portrays a comparative analysis of isolated words prosodic features of Malwi, Majhi and Doabi dialects of Punjabi language.
Pitch, intensity, formant I and formant II values are extracted for toneme, adhak, nasal and nasal words. For all kinds of words, there is a significant variation in pitch , intensity, formant I and formant II values of male and female speakers of Malwi, Majhi and Doabi dialects. A detailed analysis has been discussed throughout this paper. At present, Punjabi is India's 11th most widely spoken language as well as the official language of the Indian State of Punjab and is spoken by about 31.14 million people. Punjabi is also considered to be an additional official language in the states of Delhi and Haryana.
In India, the language is mainly spoken in the major cities of Amritsar, Ambala, Jalandhar, Patiala, Hoshiarpur, Chandigarh, Bathinda, and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. In Pakistan, about 80.05 million people speak the Punjabi language, and it is considered the provincial language of Pakistan's Punjab province. The Punjabi language is also widely spoken by the Punjabi diaspora spread worldwide, such as in Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Currently, Punjabi is Canada's 4th most spoken language and the 3rd most spoken language in the United Kingdom. Punjabi is one of the ancient Indo-Aryan languages that is considered the world's 9th most widely spoken language.
Punjabi is widely spoken by several people residing in India, Pakistan, United States, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Australia, France, Netherlands, New Zealand, Italy, and England. It is estimated that there are currently 113 million people who speak Punjabi as their native language. At present, two scripts are used for writing the Punjabi language.
These include the Gurmukhi script used by the Sikhs residing in India; and the Shahmukhi script mainly used by the Punjabi Muslims in the Punjab province of Pakistan. People living in the northern region of Pakistan's Punjab speak Pothowari. It is also called Pahari which means 'hill language' referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be separate languages. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab province in Pakistan and it has not given official status at national level. In India, Punjabi is spoken by 31.1 million people and has official status in the state of Punjab. The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.
There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Shahmukhi and differs from the standard Nastaʿlīq script as it has four additional letters. The eastern part of the Punjab region, located in India, is divided into three states.
